Recurring norwalk virus

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A multistate outbreak of Norwalk virus gastroenteritis associated with consumption of commercial ice. Waterborne gastroenteritis due to the Norwalk agent: clinical and epidemiologic investigation. Am J Public Health 72 — Waterborne gastroenteritis outbreak at a scouting camp caused by two norovirus genogroups: GI and GII. J Clin Virol 47 — An analysis of water quality in the Colorado River, —04; an investigation into recurring outbreaks of norovirus among rafters.

Wilderness Environ Med 20 :6— Norwalk virus enteric illness acquired by swimming exposure. Am J Epidemiol — An outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by norovirus-contaminated groundwater at a waterpark in Korea.

Norovirus distribution within an estuarine environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 75 — One year monitoring of norovirus in a sewage treatment plant in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

J Water Health 8 — Norovirus removal and particle association in a waste stabilization pond. Environ Sci Technol 42 — Evaluation of removal of noroviruses during wastewater treatment, using real-time reverse transcription-PCR: different behaviors of genogroups I and II. Appl Environ Microbiol 73 — Calicivirus removal in a membrane bioreactor wastewater treatment plant. Appl Environ Microbiol 77 — Outbreak of viral gastroenteritis due to drinking water contaminated by Norwalk-like viruses.

Norovirus outbreak associated with undercooked oysters and secondary household transmission. Two-year systematic study to assess norovirus contamination in oysters from commercial harvesting areas in the United Kingdom. Appl Environ Microbiol 78 — Determination of norovirus contamination in oysters from two commercial harvesting areas over an extended period, using semiquantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR.

J Food Prot 71 — Localization of norovirus and poliovirus in Pacific oysters. J Appl Microbiol — Optimization of methods for detecting norovirus on various fruit. J Virol Methods — Differences in the binding of human norovirus to and from romaine lettuce and raspberries by water and electrolyzed waters. J Food Prot 74 — A simple method to recover norovirus from fresh produce with large sample size by using histo-blood group antigen-conjugated to magnetic beads in a recirculating affinity magnetic separation system RCAMS.

Int J Food Microbiol — A community outbreak of food-borne small round-structured virus gastroenteritis caused by a contaminated water supply. Management of health risks associated with oysters harvested from a norovirus contaminated area, Ireland, February-March Virucidal efficacy of sodium bicarbonate on a food contact surface against feline calicivirus, a norovirus surrogate.

Chlorine treatment to inactivate norovirus on food contact surfaces. J Food Prot 75 — A foodborne outbreak due to norovirus in Austria, J Food Prot 72 — Multistate outbreak of Norwalk-like virus gastroenteritis associated with a common caterer.

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Human caliciviruses in symptomatic and asymptomatic infections in children in Vellore, South India. J Med Virol 79 — Prevalence of group A rotavirus, human calicivirus, astrovirus, and adenovirus type 40 and 41 infections among children with acute gastroenteritis in Dijon, France. J Clin Microbiol 37 — Human caliciviruses are a significant pathogen of acute sporadic diarrhea in children of Santiago, Chile.

Detection and characterization of human caliciviruses in hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis in Blantyre, Malawi. J Med Virol 77 — Genetic diversity of norovirus, sapovirus, and astrovirus isolated from children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in Chiang Mai, Thailand. J Med Virol 80 — Human calicivirus-associated sporadic gastroenteritis in Finnish children less than two years of age followed prospectively during a rotavirus vaccine trial. Pediatr Infect Dis J 18 — Symptomatic and asymptomatic rotavirus and norovirus infections during infancy in a Chilean birth cohort.

Pediatr Infect Dis J 28 — A 5-year study of the prevalence and genetic diversity of human caliciviruses associated with sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis in young children admitted to hospital in Melbourne, Australia — Prevalence and genetic characterization of caliciviruses among children hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis in the United States.

Infect Genet Evol 5 — Impact of an outbreak of norovirus infection on hospital resources. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 26 — Evaluation of the impact of the source patient versus staff on nosocomial norovirus outbreak severity. An outbreak of food-borne gastroenteritis in two hospitals associated with a Norwalk-like virus. J Hyg Lond 91 — Norovirus outbreak in an elementary school—District of Columbia, February Norovirus outbreaks on three college campuses—California, Michigan, and Wisconsin, A school outbreak of Norwalk-like virus: evidence for airborne transmission.

Norwalk-like virus infection in military forces: epidemic potential, sporadic disease, and the future direction of prevention and control efforts. Food-borne outbreak of norovirus infection in a French military parachuting unit, April MSMR 18 11 :2—5. Norwalk virus gastroenteritis aboard a cruise ship: an outbreak on five consecutive cruises. Outbreaks of diarrhoeal illness on passenger cruise ships, — Outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with noroviruses on cruise ships—United States, Outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis on cruise ships and on land: identification of a predominant circulating strain of norovirus—United States, Outbreak updates for international cruise ships.

Vessel sanitation program. Domenech-Sanchez A. Gastroenteritis outbreak caused by norovirus associated with the children's club of a hotel located in Majorca, Spain. Clin Microbiol Infect 17 — Unmanageable norovirus outbreak in a single resort located in the Dominican Republic. Electronic outbreak surveillance in Germany: a first evaluation for nosocomial norovirus outbreaks.

PLoS One 6 :e Indications for worldwide increased norovirus activity associated with emergence of a new variant of genotype II. Early identification of common-source foodborne virus outbreaks in Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 9 — PulseNet: the molecular subtyping network for foodborne bacterial disease surveillance, United States.

Emerg Infect Dis 7 — Novel surveillance network for norovirus gastroenteritis outbreaks, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 17 — Emergence of new norovirus strain GII. The development of Web-based surveillance provides new insights into the burden of norovirus outbreaks in hospitals in England. Scallan E. Activities, achievements, and lessons learned during the first 10 years of the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network: Clin Infect Dis 44 — Food safety: foodborne disease in Australia.

The OzFoodNet experience. Clin Infect Dis 47 — The frequency of a Norwalk-like pattern of illness in outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis.

Reevaluation of epidemiological criteria for identifying outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis due to norovirus: United States, Clin Infect Dis 42 — Norovirus specimen collection. J Clin Microbiol 48 — European multicenter evaluation of commercial enzyme immunoassays for detecting norovirus antigen in fecal samples.

Clin Vaccine Immunol 14 — Laboratory efforts to cultivate noroviruses. J Gen Virol 85 — Updated norovirus outbreak management and disease prevention guidelines. Detection of Norwalk virus in stool specimens by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and nonradioactive oligoprobes. J Clin Microbiol 30 — Norwalk-like viruses: demonstration of genomic diversity by polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol 31 — Detection of Norwalk virus in stool by polymerase chain reaction.

Application of PCR to detect Norwalk virus in fecal specimens from outbreaks of gastroenteritis. J Clin Microbiol 32 — Detection and differentiation of antigenically distinct small round-structured viruses Norwalk-like viruses by reverse transcription-PCR and Southern hybridization. J Clin Microbiol 33 — Broadly reactive reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of SRSV-associated gastroenteritis. J Med Virol 47 — Evaluation of a degenerate primer for the PCR detection of human caliciviruses.

Vinje J, Koopmans MP. Molecular detection and epidemiology of small round-structured viruses in outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the Netherlands. International collaborative study to compare reverse transcriptase PCR assays for detection and genotyping of noroviruses.

J Clin Microbiol 41 — Genogroup-specific PCR primers for detection of Norwalk-like viruses. Broadly reactive nested reverse transcription-PCR using an internal RNA standard control for detection of noroviruses in stool samples.

J Clin Microbiol 43 — BMC Microbiol 1 Microbiol Immunol 42 — Rational optimization of generic primers used for Norwalk-like virus detection by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Virol 25 — Norwalk like virus by light cycler PCR. Evaluation and validation of real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay using the LightCycler system for detection and quantitation of norovirus. J Clin Microbiol 42 — Fast detection of noroviruses using a real-time PCR assay and automated sample preparation.

BMC Infect Dis 4 Enhanced reverse transcription-PCR assay for detection of norovirus genogroup I. Hoehne M, Schreier E. BMC Infect Dis 6 Hohne M, Schreier E. Detection and characterization of norovirus outbreaks in Germany: application of a one-tube RT-PCR using a fluorogenic real-time detection system.

J Med Virol 72 — Sensitive and rapid detection of norovirus using duplex TaqMan reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Broadly reactive and highly sensitive assay for Norwalk-like viruses based on real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR.

Real-time reverse transcription PCR detection of norovirus, sapovirus and astrovirus as causative agents of acute viral gastroenteritis. J Clin Virol 39 — Mol Cell Probes 22 — Use of TaqMan real-time reverse transcription-PCR for rapid detection, quantification, and typing of norovirus.

Use of modified oligonucleotides to compensate for sequence polymorphisms in the real-time detection of norovirus. Experience from the development of a diagnostic single tube real-time PCR for human caliciviruses, norovirus genogroups I and II. Sensitive multiplex real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay for the detection of human and animal noroviruses in clinical and environmental samples.

Primer pair pp, designed to detect both noroviruses and sapoviruses by reverse transcription-PCR, also detects rotaviruses by cross-reactivity. Comparison of two real-time PCR methods for diagnosis of norovirus infection in outbreak and community settings. Vainio K, Myrmel M. Molecular epidemiology of norovirus outbreaks in Norway during to and comparison of four norovirus real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assays. Rapid and sensitive detection of noroviruses by using TaqMan-based one-step reverse transcription-PCR assays and application to naturally contaminated shellfish samples.

Appl Environ Microbiol 71 — J Virol Methods :1—7. Development and evaluation of a new commercial test allowing the simultaneous detection of noroviruses and sapoviruses by reverse transcription-PCR and microplate hybridization. Comparison of an ELISA and two reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction methods for norovirus detection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 70 — Evaluation of a new real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of norovirus in fecal specimens.

Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 78 — Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 79 — Performance of the xTAG Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel GPP , a multiplex molecular assay for simultaneous detection of bacterial, viral and parasitic causes of infectious gastroenteritis. J Microbiol Biotechnol 23 — Clin Microbiol Infect 20 :O—O Diagnosis of viral gastroenteritis by simultaneous detection of adenovirus group F, astrovirus, rotavirus group A, norovirus genogroups I and II, and sapovirus in two internally controlled multiplex real-time PCR assays.

Simultaneous detection of gastrointestinal pathogens with a multiplex Luminex-based molecular assay in stool samples from diarrhoeic patients.

Clin Microbiol Infect 19 :E—E Evaluation of Luminex xTAG gastrointestinal pathogen analyte-specific reagents for high-throughput, simultaneous detection of bacteria, viruses, and parasites of clinical and public health importance. Utility of two novel multiplexing assays for the detection of gastrointestinal pathogens—a first experience.

Springerplus 2 A laboratory-developed TaqMan Array Card for simultaneous detection of 19 enteropathogens. Multiplex reverse transcription PCR Luminex assay for detection and quantitation of viral agents of gastroenteritis. J Clin Virol 50 — Multiplex detection of gastrointestinal pathogens: a comparative evaluation of two commercial panels using clinical stool specimens.

Rapid detection of noroviruses in fecal samples and shellfish by nucleic acid sequence-based amplification. J Microbiol 44 — Evaluation of a broadly reactive nucleic acid sequence based amplification assay for the detection of noroviruses in faecal material. J Clin Virol 29 — A nucleic acid sequence-based amplification assay for real-time detection of norovirus genogroup II. Rapid detection of norovirus from fecal specimens by real-time reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay.

Evaluation of the Loopamp loop-mediated isothermal amplification kit for detecting norovirus RNA in faecal samples. J Clin Virol 42 — Evaluation and application of reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification for detection of noroviruses.

Guideline for the prevention and control of norovirus gastroenteritis outbreaks in healthcare settings. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 32 — Infection control for norovirus. Clin Microbiol Infect 20 — Knowledge of norovirus prevention and control among infection preventionists. Am J Infect Control 42 — Norovirus outbreaks in a hospital setting: the role of infection control. N Z Med J :U Prevention of nosocomial transmission of norovirus by strategic infection control measures.

Albers MK. An unwanted visitor. Aggressive infection control strategies are needed to shorten the hospital visit of the easily spread norovirus. Can Nurse — Management of hospital outbreaks of gastro-enteritis due to small roundstructured viruses. J Hosp Infect 45 1 :1— Closure of medical departments during nosocomial outbreaks: data from a systematic analysis of the literature.

J Hosp Infect 65 — Epidemiology and cost of nosocomial gastroenteritis, Avon, England, Emerg Infect Dis 10 — Effective control of an acute gastroenteritis outbreak due to norovirus infection in a hospital ward in Athens, Greece, April Hospital outbreak of Norwalk-like virus. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 18 — Outbreak management and implications of a nosocomial norovirus outbreak. Clin Infect Dis 45 — An outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis in an Austrian hospital, winter Wien Klin Wochenschr — Compartmentalization of wards to cohort symptomatic patients at the beginning and end of norovirus outbreaks.

J Hosp Infect 82 — Is closure of entire wards necessary to control norovirus outbreaks in hospital? Comparing the effectiveness of two infection control strategies. J Hosp Infect 79 — Rapid control of norovirus gastroenteritis outbreak in an acute paediatric ward. Acta Paediatr 95 — A review of nosocomial norovirus outbreaks: infection control interventions found effective. McCall J, Smithson R. They might be unusually sleepy or fussy. Norovirus infection is highly contagious, and anyone can become infected more than once.

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This content does not have an English version. This content does not have an Arabic version. Overview Norovirus infection can cause the sudden onset of severe vomiting and diarrhea. Request an Appointment at Mayo Clinic. Share on: Facebook Twitter. Learn more…. Some coronaviruses cause the common cold, while others cause more severe respiratory illnesses.

Learn more about coronaviruses here. In this article, learn which foods to eat and discover recipes that include them. What to know about norovirus. Medically reviewed by Jill Seladi-Schulman, Ph. What is norovirus Symptoms Treatment Risk factors Causes Outbreak Prevention Complications Norovirus, also known as the winter vomiting bug, is a common cause of sickness, diarrhea, and gastroenteritis. What is norovirus? Share on Pinterest. Risk factors. Outbreak risk factors.

New biomarker may help improve depression treatment. Dementia cases set to triple by Related Coverage. All about food poisoning. Medically reviewed by University of Illinois. Gut ; 61 : 69— Community incidence of norovirus-associated infectious intestinal disease in England: improved estimates using viral load for norovirus diagnosis. Incidence of acute gastroenteritis and role of norovirus, Georgia, USA, — Emerg Infect Dis ; 17 : — Foodborne illness acquired in the United States—major pathogens.

Emerg Infect Dis ; 17 : 7— Estimates of the burden of foodborne illness in Canada for 30 specified pathogens and unspecified agents, circa Foodborne Pathog Dis ; 10 : — Incidence and risk factors for community-acquired acute gastroenteritis in north-west Germany in Burden of norovirus gastroenteritis in the ambulatory setting—United States, — J Infect Dis ; : — Increasing rates of gastroenteritis hospital discharges in US adults and the contribution of norovirus, — Clin Infect Dis ; 52 : — Hospital admissions due to norovirus in adult and elderly patients in England.

Clin Infect Dis ; 49 : — The roles of Clostridium difficile and norovirus among gastroenteritis-associated deaths in the United States, — Clin Infect Dis ; 55 : — Disability-adjusted life years DALYs for diseases and injuries in 21 regions, — a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study Lancet ; : — Global and regional mortality from causes of death for 20 age groups in and a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study The global prevalence of norovirus among cases of gastroenteritis.

Bangkok, Thailand: Vaccines for Enteritis Diseases, Norovirus and medically attended gastroenteritis in US children. N Engl J Med ; : — Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS : a prospective, case-control study.

Epidemiologic implications of asymptomatic reinfection: a mathematical modeling study of norovirus. Severe outcomes are associated with genogroup 2 genotype 4 norovirus outbreaks: a systematic literature review.

Outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis transmitted by person-to-person contact—United States, — Data quality of 5 years of central norovirus outbreak reporting in the European Network for food-borne viruses. J Public Health Oxf ; 30 : 82— Hospitalizations and mortality associated with norovirus outbreaks in nursing homes, — JAMA ; : — Pediatr Infect Dis J ; 26 : 46— Duration of norovirus excretion and the longitudinal course of viral load in norovirus-infected elderly patients.

J Hosp Infect ; 75 : 42— Evolution of human calicivirus RNA in vivo: accumulation of mutations in the protruding P2 domain of the capsid leads to structural changes and possibly a new phenotype. J Virol ; 77 : — Chronic norovirus and adenovirus infection in a solid organ transplant recipient. Pediatr Infect Dis J ; 27 : — Transplantation ; 92 : 61— Isolation of viruses from stools in stem cell transplant recipients: a prospective surveillance study.

Bone Marrow Transplant ; 25 : — Chronic excretion of a norovirus in a child with cartilage hair hypoplasia CHH. J Clin Virol ; 30 : — Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and norovirus gastroenteritis: a previously unrecognized cause of morbidity.

Chronic norovirus infection in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: a cause of prolonged intestinal failure requiring intensive nutritional support. Pediatr Transplant ; 15 : — Chronic diarrhea associated with persistent norovirus excretion in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: report of two cases.

BMC Infect Dis ; 11 : Quantitative detection of norovirus excretion in pediatric patients with cancer and prolonged gastroenteritis and shedding of norovirus. J Med Virol ; 80 : — Chronic norovirus infection in an HIV-positive patient with persistent diarrhoea: a novel cause. J Clin Virol ; 49 : — Multiple faecal virus excretion in immunodeficiency.

Lancet ; 1 : Prevalence and clinical impact of norovirus fecal shedding in children with inherited immune deficiencies. Norovirus gastroenteritis causes severe and lethal complications after chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood ; : — Risk groups for clinical complications of norovirus infections: an outbreak investigation.

Clin Microbiol Infect ; 12 : 69— Integrated approaches for the public health prioritization of foodborne and zoonotic pathogens. Risk Anal ; 30 : —